tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9720342834214862142024-03-05T04:44:20.761-08:00Fika's BLogNews,story,experience, information, knowledge, etcFika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-7122851908368945742011-04-04T00:35:00.000-07:002011-04-04T15:05:40.632-07:00RESUME EKOLOGI LAUT TROPIS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> 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locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">ENERGI</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Energi diperlukan untuk melakukan kerja. Dengan kata lain tanpa energi kita tidak dapat melakukan kerja. Berjalan kaki, membangun rumah, dan menimba air adalah contoh kerja. Ketika ada bagian tubuh yang luka dan sel yang mati. Maka, tubuh yang luka harus disembuhkan dan sel yag mati diganti dengan sel yang baru.<span style=""> </span>Penyembuhan luka dan penggantian sel merupakan pemeliharaan tubuh yang harus dilakukan secara terus menerus. Pertumbuhan dan pemeliharaan tubuh juga merupakan kerja. Karena itu untuk dapat hidup kita harus mendapatkan energi dengan terus-menerus. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Energi tidak dapat kita lihat. Yang terlihat ialah efek energi tersebut. Misalnya, kita menggunakan energi untuk mendorong sebuah benda. Energi yang terpakai tidak Nampak. Yang Nampak ialah benda itu telah berpindah tempat. Dalam kehidupan kita, kita menggunakan tiga jenis energi yang berasal dari matahari, panas bumi, dan energi nuklir. Yang berasal dari energi nuklir yang berasal dari reaksi nuklir dalam reaktor atom. Hingga sekarang energi yang terbanyak yang kita pakai ialah energi matahari, terutama yang ditambatoleh tumbuhan hijau. Penambatan energi matahari itu terjadi dalam proses fotosintesis. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Dalam proses ini energi matahari diubah menjadi energi kimia yang tersimpan dalam molekul glukosa. Seperti telah diuraikan di muka molekul gula itu terbentuk dalam proses fotosintesis dari air dan gas CO<sub>2</sub> yang terdapat dalam udara. Gula selanjutnya diubah menjadi pati yang tersimpan dalam tubuh dan digunakan sebagai bahan untuk membentuk tubuh tumbuhan, misalnya akar, batang, dan daun.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Energi yang terkandung dalam tubuh tumbuhan itu menjadi sumber energi makhluk hidup lain. Makanan yang kita makan mengalami”pembakaran” dalam tubuh kita. Pembakaran ini tidak menggunakan api, melainkan melalui reaksi kimia tertentu dalam tubuh yang merupakan bagian dari metaboisme. Dalam metabolism itu, energi dalam makanan diubah menjadi bentuk yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan erja, seperti gerak otot. Karena metabolisme itu terjadi di dalam tubuh kita.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Angin sebenarnya juga mengandung energi. Energi angin itu dapat digunakan untuk menggerakkan perahu layar dan kicir angin. Kincir angin dapat dipakai untuk memutar mesin atau membangkitkan listrik. Terjadinya angin ialah oleh perbedaan suhu di dua tempat karena perbedaan penyinaran oleh matahari atau perbedaan penyerapan sinar matahari. Angin mengalir dari tempat yang dingin ke tempat yang panas, yaitu dari Australia ke daratan Asia. Demikian pula pada siang hari suhu permukaan daratan lebih tinggi dari suhu permukaan laut, karena daratan lebih mudah dipanaskan oleh matahari daripada air. Pada siang hari angin bergerak dari laut ke daratan. Jadi angin sebenarnya berasal dari energi matahari. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Air yang mengalir dari sungai mengandung energi. Jika sungai dibendung, energi aliran air itu dapat digunaka untuk memutar generator untuk membangkitkan listrik. Air yang mengalir di sungai semula berasal dari laut. Air laut menguap karena penyinaran oleh matahari. Uap terhembus oleh angin ke daratan dan terbentuk awan waktu angin naik karena adanya gunung. Awan berubah menjadi hujan dan sebagian air hujan mengalir di sungai. Jadi, energi dalam air sungai juga berasal dari matahari.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">HABITAT</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Tempat hidup semua makhluk hidup disebut habitat. Misalnya, habitat ikan emas ialah perairan tawar dan habitat ikan hiu ialah perairan asin di laut. Habitat dalam batas tertentu sesuai dengan persyaratan hidup makhluk yang menghuninya. Batas bawah persyaratan hidup disebut titik minimum dan batas atas disebut dengan titik maksimum. Antara dua kisaran itu terdapat titik optimum. Ketiga titik itu, yaitu minimum, maksimum, dan optimum disebut titik cardinal. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Apabila sifat habitat berubah sampai di luar titik maksimum atau minimum, makhluk itu akan mati atau harus pindah ke tempat lain. Apabila perubahannya lambat, misalnya terjadi pada beberapa generasi, makhluk itu umumnya dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan kondisi baru di luar batas semula. Melalui proses tersebut sebenarnya telah terjadi makhluk yang mempunyai sifat yang lain, yang disebut ras baru, bahkan dapat terjadi jenis baru.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Habitat makhluk dapat lebih dari satu. Misalnya, ikan salem, yang terkenal di Eropa dan Amerika Utara, waktu dewasa mempunyai habitat di laut. Waktu akan bertelur ikan itu berenang ke sungai sampai ke hulu. Di daerah hulu ikan bertelur. Anak ikan untuk beberapa tahun tinggal di sungai. Kemudian kembali ke laut untuk menjadi dewasa sampai saatnya ikan akan bertelur. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">RELUNG</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Konsep relung (niche) dikembangkan oleh Charles<span style=""> </span>Elton (1927)<span style=""> </span>ilmuwan Inggris. Di dalam habitatnya makhluk hidup mempunyai cara tertentu untuk hidup. Burung yang hidup di sawah ada yang memakan serangga, ada yang memakan buah padi, ada pula yang memakan katak dan ikan. Cara hidup itu disebut relung. Relung itu ada yang bersifat umum adapula yang bersifat khas. Makhluk yang mempunyai relung yang umum disebut generalis. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Relung dapat diartikan sebagi profesi makhluk hidup dalam habitatnya. Profesi menunjukkan fungsi makhluk hidup di dalam habitatnya. Habitat itu dapatlah disebut alamat makhluk. Berjenis makhluk dapat hidup bersama dalam satu habitat. Akan tetapi apabila dua jenis makhluk mempunyai relung yang sama, akan terjadi persaingan.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Niche atau nicia atau ecological niche</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">, tidak hanya meliputi ruang/tempat yang ditinggali organisme, tetapi juga peranannya dalam komunitas, dan posisinya pada gradient lingkungan: temperatur, kelembaban, pH ,tanah dan kondisi lain.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";"><span style=""> </span>Tidak hanya tergantung dimana organism tadi hidup, tetapi juga pada apa yang dilakukan organism termasuk mengubah energi, bertingkah laku, bereaksi, mengubah lingkungan fisik maupun biologi dan bagaimana organisme dihambat oleh spesies lain.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">ADAPTASI</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Makhluk hidup dalam batas tertentu mempunyai kelenturan. Kelenturan ini memungkinkan makhluk itu untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungannya. Penyeuaian itu secara umum disebut adaptasi. Kemampuan adaptasi mempunyai nilai untuk kelangsungan hidup. Makin besar kemampuan adaptasi, maka suatu jenis dapat menempati habitat yang beraneka ragam. Adaptasi dapat terjadi dengan beberapa cara. Adaptasi dapat melalui proses fisiologi. Misalnya, moluska bivalvia biasanya merupakan osmoregulator yang buruk dan tanggap terhadap penurunan salinitas yang drastis dengan menutup diri di dalam cangkangnya untuk menghindari pengenceran cairan tubunya yang berlebihan dengan air. Adaptasi dominan yang diperlukan untuk kelangsungan kehidupan estuaria adalah adaptasi yang berhubungan dengan mempertahankan kesimbangan ion cairan tubuh menghadapi fluktuasi salinitas eksternal.<span style=""> </span>Adaptasi yang yang lain adalah adaptasi morfologi, yaitu adaptasi bentuk tubuh. Misalnya, ukuran badan organisme estuaria yang umumnya lebih kecil daripada kerabatnya yang sepenuhnya hidup di laut dan berkurangnya jumlah ruas tulang punggung di antara ikan-ikan. Organism estuaria yang mendiami lumpur seringkali mempunyai rumbai-rumbai halus dari rambut atau setae, yang menjaga jalan masuk ke ruangan pernafasn agar permukaan pernafasan tidak tersumbat oleh partikel lumpur. Situasi ini umum bagi kepiting estuaria dan banyak moluska bivalvia.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Adaptasi pada ikan laut dalam salah satunya adalah <i style="">mata berbentuk pipa (tubular) </i>dari genus <i style="">Argyropelecus. </i>Beberapa family ikan memiliki mata berbentuk pipa sehingga bentuk ikan-ikan ini amat aneh. Mata ikan berbentuk silinder pendek berwarna hitam dengan sebuah lensa tembus cahaya berbentuk setengah lingkaran di puncak silinder. Tiap mata mempunyai dua retina, yang satu di pangkal silinder dan yang satunya lagi di dinding silinder. Retina di pangkal silinder berfungsi untuk melihat objek-objek yang jauh.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Materi mengenai Evolusi, Suksesi, dan Faktor Pembatas dapat dilihat pada link di bawah ini</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://diwicintalaut.blogspot.com/2011/04/ekologi-laut-tropis.html">http://diwicintalaut.blogspot.com/2011/04/ekologi-laut-tropis.html</a><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; color: rgb(0, 51, 204);"></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">SUMBER</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Soemarwoto, Otto. 1983. <i style="">Ekologi, Lingkungan Hidup, dan Pembangunan. </i>Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Nybakken, James W. 1988. <i style="">Biologi Laut. </i>Jakarta: PT. Gramedia</span></p> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-1852741219285650812011-03-20T21:43:00.000-07:002011-03-22T09:20:03.874-07:00KLORIN SEBAGAI SALAH SATU KOMPONEN AIR LAUT<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:130%;" ><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sebagian besar komponen air laut adalah garam-garam yang beraneka ragam. Jumlah masing-masing garam yang terkandung di dalam air laut berbeda-beda. Bahkan, komposisi garam antara air laut di daerah satu dengan daerah lainnya pun berbeda. </span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Garam-garaman utama yang terdapat dalam air laut adalah klorida (55%), natrium (31%), sulfat (8%), magnesium (4%), kalsium (1%), potassium (1%), dan sisanya (kurang dari 1%) terdiri dari biokarbonat, bromida, asam borak, strontium dan florida.</span></span></span><br /></div><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:130%;" ><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihiBx8IKzYKyOXXGA4X8oLTupXtQ7MwtFPzV-eBUYCpSxIT4Qttxv2kWMMjxz93Cl9kL2r-pZZYLR9GBJMq2GHop2u8I5ZnPu3a2ISwjO3oFqlzl8hSmaVubzRgLsR6QuJzLr9jeJ1F84T/s1600/Publication1.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 179px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihiBx8IKzYKyOXXGA4X8oLTupXtQ7MwtFPzV-eBUYCpSxIT4Qttxv2kWMMjxz93Cl9kL2r-pZZYLR9GBJMq2GHop2u8I5ZnPu3a2ISwjO3oFqlzl8hSmaVubzRgLsR6QuJzLr9jeJ1F84T/s320/Publication1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5586390768838496306" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:85%;"><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sumber: Marine Chemistry (Horne, 1969) dan The open university, 1996<br /><br /></span></i></span></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="apple-style-span"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;">Komposisi Elemen Mayor di Laut</span></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Komposisi kimia air laut telah diteliti oleh seorang ahli oseanografi yang sangat terkenal, W. Dittmar pada tahun 1873. Peneliti ini menggunakan contoh air laut sebanyak 77 contoh yang diambil dari beberapa perairan di Samudera Pasifik, Hindia, dan Atlantik melalui suatu ekspedisi yang dilakukan oleh H.M.S. <i>Challenger</i>. Ia mendeterminasi tentang garam-garam, sulfat, magnesium, kalsium, dan kalium (potassium) dan jenis kimia lainnya dalam takaran garam per kilogram (ppm).</span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Penelitian kandungan kimia yang ada di laut terus berlangsung sejak abad ke-18, dan hasil kajian terakhir yang diberitakan lewat buku yang dikeluarkan oleh The Open University dan buku Marine Chemistry, komposisi kimia yang terlarut di dalam air sebanyak 81 unsur. Tabel di </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">atas</span><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"> menunjukkan delapan unsur yang terdapat paling banyak di lautan.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Kimia yang terkandung di air laut ada yang merupakan unsur utama (mayor) , unsur tambahan (minor), dan unsur yang langka (trace). Kimia unsur utama adalah zat kimia yang melekat langsung dengan salinitas. Komposisi air laut yang konstan tetap dipertahankan karena kebanyakan unsur utama menunjukkan sifat konservatif, yaitu konsentrasi di air laut tidak mengalami perubahan yang berarti akibat reaksi biologi dan kimia di laut.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN">Namun, secara umum di dalam air laut terdapat sejumlah unsur yang dominan (bagian mayoritas) dan unsur pelengkap(bagian minoritas).<span style=""> </span>Salah satu unsur dominan komponen penyusun air laut adalah <b style="">Klorin. </b></span><span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="IN"></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sebelum kita mempelajari lebih jauh mengenai klorin sebagai salah satu komponen penyusun air laut, kita kenali dulu sejarah, sifat-sifat unsur klorin ini.</span></span></p><p 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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <ul style="font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sejarah</span></b></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Ditemukan oleh Scheele pada tahun 1774 dan dinamai oleh Davy pada tahun 1810. Klorin ditemukan di alam dalam keadaan berkombinasi dengan gas Cl</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">₂</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">, senyawa dan mineral seperti Karnalit dan silvit.</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><b style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sifat-sifat</span></b></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Gas klorin berwarna kuning-kehijauan, dapat larut dalam air, mudah bereaksi dengan unsur lain. Klorin dapat mengganggu pernapasan, merusak selaput lendir dan dalam wujud cairnya dapat membakar kulit. Klorin tergolong dalam grup unsur halogen (pembentuk garam) dan diperoleh dari garam klorida dengan mereaksikan zat oksidator atau lebih sering dengan proses elektrolisis. Merupakan gas berwarna kuning kehijauan dan dapat bersenyawa dengan hampir semua unsur. Pada suhu 10<sup>o</sup>C, satu volume air dapat melarutkan 3.10 volume klorin, sedangkan pada suhu 30<sup>o</sup>C hanya 1.77 volume.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></p> <ul style="font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Penanganan</span></b></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Klorin mengiritasi sistem pernapasan. Bentuk gasnya mengiritasi lapisan lendir dan bentuk cairnya bisa membakar kulit. Baunya dapat dideteksi pada konsentrasi sekecil 3.5 ppm dan pada konsentrasi 1000 ppm berakibat fatal setelah terhisap dalam-dalam. Kenyataannya, klorin digunakan sebagai senjata kimia pada perang gas di tahun 1915. Terpapar dengan klorin tidak boleh melebihi 0.5 ppm selama 8 jam kerja sehari-40 jam per minggu.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></p> <ul style="font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan</span></b></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Klorin digunakan secara luas dalam pembuatan banyak produk sehari-hari. Klorin digunakan untuk menghasilkan air minum yang aman hampir di seluruh dunia. Bahkan, kemasan air terkecil pun sudah terklorinasi.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Klorin juga digunakan secara besar-besaran pada proses pembuatan kertas, zat pewarna, tekstil, produk olahan minyak bumi, obat-obatan, antseptik, insektisida, makanan, pelarut, cat, plastik, dan banyak produk lainnya.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kebanyakan klorin diproduksi untuk digunakan dalam pembuatan senyawa klorin untuk sanitasi, pemutihan kertas, desinfektan, dan proses tekstil. Lebih jauh lagi, klorin digunakan untuk pembuatan klorat, kloroform, karbon tetraklorida, dan ekstraksi brom.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kimia organik sangat membutuhkan klorin, baik sebagai zat oksidator maupun sebagai subtitusi, karena banyak sifat yang sesuai dengan yang diharapkan dalam senyawa organik ketika klor mensubtitusi hidrogen, seperti dalam salah satu bentuk karet sintetis.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" face="verdana" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-zGI6zmFdcbHJF-DYvJQiD8m2qlZdHk9_J-zOHOGPZrNeKJDF4JIXM6hj44CvZ5FaZkSA5fu-ZZJFmmu7alJrocZE1I73P9ihKLdVjwxKu1q5iwjCJxf18Eci4xoQD0vwl0Z8DNbkLFIo/s1600/table.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 265px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-zGI6zmFdcbHJF-DYvJQiD8m2qlZdHk9_J-zOHOGPZrNeKJDF4JIXM6hj44CvZ5FaZkSA5fu-ZZJFmmu7alJrocZE1I73P9ihKLdVjwxKu1q5iwjCJxf18Eci4xoQD0vwl0Z8DNbkLFIo/s320/table.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5586392287808275762" border="0" /></a><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:85%;" >http://inspirehalogen.wordpress.com</span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><b style=""><u><span style="line-height: 150%;">Klorin di Laut</span></u></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Komposisi kimia di laut dapat dipengaruhi oleh adanya perubahan bahan organik, Bahan organik maupun anorganik yang masuk ke dalam perairan laut akan terlarut di air mengalami proses penguraian membentuk larutan padat dan gas. Komposisi kimia di perairan laut sangat kompleks bahkan saling berinteraksi sehingga untuk melakukan determinasi bahan kimia dari alam yang terlarut sangat sulit karena:</span></span></p> <ul style="font-family:verdana;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Beberapa kelarutan substansi termasuk ion klorida (Cl) dan natrium (Na) merupakan konsentrasi tertinggi, sementara beberapa logam kecil sulit terdeteksi di air laut.</span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Dua jenis kimia yaitu natrium dan potasium (K) sangat ulit dideterminasi secara akurat.</span></span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kenyataan bahwa beberapa suspensi gas berikatan dengan fosfat, arsenik, kalsium, stronsium, klorida, bromida, dan iodium.</span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Karena kombinasi elemen yang diterminasi ada dalam bentuk bersamaan tetapi hasil analisanya ha ya terdeteksi satu komponen, seperti <u>kalsium</u> dan <u>stronsium</u> dikalkulasi sebagai <b style="">“kalsium (Ca)”, </b>demikian juga unsur <u>klorida</u>, <u>bromide</u>, <u>dan iodium</u> dikalkulasi sebagai <b style="">“klorida”</b> (</span><i style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Rompas, Rumampuk, Rompas, 2009 dalam Oseanografi Kimia)</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Halogen pada perairan terdapat dalam bentuk ion monovalen, misalnya ion flourida (F<sup>-</sup>), ion klorida (Cl<sup>-</sup>), bromin (Br<sup>-</sup>), dan ion iodide (I<sup>-</sup>). Unsur-unsur halogen biasanya ditemukan di perairan laut. <span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Unsur klor dalam air laut dijumpai dalam bentuk </span></span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ion klorida (tidak wujud)"><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">ion klorida</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">. Ion klorida adalah salah satu anion organik utama yang ditemukan di perairan alami.<span style=""> </span>Ion klorida ditemukan dalam jumlah besar, sedangkan ion halogen lainnya ditemukan dalam jumlah yang relatif sedikit. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Klorin, Bromin, dan Iodin terkandung pada air laut dalam bentuk garam-garam halida dari natrium, magnesium, kalium, dan kalsium. Klorida biasanya terdapat dalam bentuk senyawa natrium klorida (NaCl), Kalium klorida (KCl), dan Kalsium klorida (CaCl<sub>2</sub>). Garam halida yang paling banyak adalah NaCl</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">. </span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Klorida membentuk kebanyakan </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garam"><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">garam</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> zat terlarut dalam </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan"><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">lautan</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> bumi, kira-kira 1.9% komposisi air laut adalah ion klorida. Larutan klorida dengan kepekatan lebih tinggi dijumpai di </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Mati"><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Laut Mati</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> dan longgokan </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_garam&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Air garam (tidak wujud)"><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">air garam</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> bawah tanah.</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Kadar klorida bervariasi menurut iklim. Pada perairan yang di wilayah yang beriklim basah <i style="">(humid), </i>kadar klorida biasanya kurang dari 10 mg/liter; sedangkan pada perairan di wilayah <i style="">semi-arid </i>dan <i style="">arid </i>(kering), kadar klorida mencapai ratusan mg/liter. Keberadaan klorida pada perairan alami berkisar antara 2-20 mg/liter. Kadar klorida 250 mg/liter dapat mengakibatkan air menjad asin (Rump dan Krist, 1992). Air laut mengandung klorida sekitar 19.300 mg/liter (McNeely <i style="">et al., </i>1979).</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Kadar klorida yang tinggi, misalnya pada air laut, yang diikuti oleh kadar kalsium dan magnesium yang juga tinggi dapat meningkatkan sifat korosivitas air. Perairan yang demikian mudah mengakibatkan terjadinya perkaratan peralatan yang terbuat dari logam.</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">Kebanyakan klorida larut dalam air, oleh itu klorida biasanya ditemui secara berlimpah di kawasan beriklim kering, atau bawah tanah. Mineral klorida biasa termasuklah <i>halit</i> (</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium_klorida"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">natrium klorida</span></a></span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">), <i>sylvite</i> (</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalium_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kalium klorida (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">kalium klorida</span></a></span><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">), dam </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karnalit&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Karnalit (tidak wujud)"><i><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);">karnalit</span></i></a><span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(17, 17, 17);"> (kalium magnesium klorida heksahidrat).</span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Hakekatnya kandungan ion klorin dan beberapa ion yang kandungannya sedikit seperti bromida dan iodium diterah sebagai klorinitas. <b style=""><i style="">Kloronitas </i></b>adalah jumlah total dari klorin, bromide, dan Iodim dalam gram yang ada dalam satu kilogram air laut, dengan asumsi bromide dan yodium ada dalam bentuk klorida (Cl).</span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Klorida tidak bersifat toksik bagi makhluk hidup, bahkan berperan dlam pengaturan tekanan osmotik sel. Klorin sering digunakan sebagai disinfektan untuk menghilangkan mikroorganisme yang idak dibutuhkan, terutama bagi air yang diperuntukkan bagi kepentingan domestic. Beberapa alas an yang menyebabkan klorin sering digunakan sebagai disinfektan adalah sebagai berikut (Tebbut, 1992).</span></span></p> <ul style="font-family:verdana;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Dapat dikemas dalam bentuk gas, larutan, dan bubuk <i style="">(powder)</i></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Relatif murah</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Memiliki daya larut yang tinggi serta dapat larut pada kadar yang tinggi (7.000 mg/liter).</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Residu klorin dalam bentuk larutan tidak berbahaya bagi manusia, jika terdapat dalam kadar yang tidak berlebihan.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""></span></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Bersifat sangat toksik bagi mikroorganisme, dengan cara menghambat aktivitas metabolisme mikroorganisme tersebut.</span></span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sumber:</span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Hutabarat, Sahala dan Stewart M. Evans. 1984. <i style="">Pengantar Oseanografi. </i>Jakarta: Penerbit UI-Press.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Rompas, Rizald Max; Natalie DC Rumampuk dan Julius Robert Rompas. 2009. <i style="">Oseanografi Kimia. </i>Jakarta: Sekretariat Dewan Kelautan Indonesia.<span style="color:black;"></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Effendi, Hefni. 2003. <i style="">Telaah Kualitas Air Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. </i>Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Supangat, Agus dan Susanna<i style="">. Pengantar Osenografi. </i><span style="color:black;">Pusat Riset Wilayah Laut dan Sumberdaya Non-hayati Badan Riset Kelautan dan Perikanan Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">http://inspirehalogen.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/page/2/</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><a href="http://masterkimiaindonesia.com/materi-sma/halogen-neni/"><span style="line-height: 150%;color:black;" >http://masterkimiaindonesia.com/materi-sma/halogen-neni/</span></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; font-family: verdana;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 150%; font-family: verdana;"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;font-family:verdana;" align="center"><span style="font-size:130%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" face="verdana" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></p> <span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:130%;" > </span>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-81097425429760089352008-02-03T01:23:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:00.920-08:00Logo Visit Indonesia Year 2008<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ObFll09gXaXtOipF9urvmPTKBVn-6w43L4I6ihdR6vSsnq2lO2YMO7Ay25AsP1B_SCjqL0SgPxwpdswTqTNtAoFvpxkyWVIamGqk9Zkc1MWuTT5wv4Is7_0-rNpQpJsdeiSa7RCD8TL0/s1600-h/images.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 174px; height: 131px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ObFll09gXaXtOipF9urvmPTKBVn-6w43L4I6ihdR6vSsnq2lO2YMO7Ay25AsP1B_SCjqL0SgPxwpdswTqTNtAoFvpxkyWVIamGqk9Zkc1MWuTT5wv4Is7_0-rNpQpJsdeiSa7RCD8TL0/s400/images.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5162683624772853570" border="0" /></a>Branding Concept:<p>1) The figure of Visit Indonesian Year 2008 branding took the concept of Garuda Pancasila as the Indonesian way of life, but it was performed by perfectly modern approach.<br />2) The 5 (five) norms draw by 5 different colored lines and symbolized the Indonesian the Unity Diversity.<br />3) This logo brand formulated into dynamic figure and colors as the implementation of Indonesian Dynamic which is developing.<br />4) The types of letters of logo brand is driven from the Indonesian elements which perfectly by modern approach. </p><p><br /></p>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-70268135172434731922008-02-01T21:48:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:01.021-08:00The Legend of Sangkuriang<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEien4KegiXNZgAkdc4x1wkzFrL2DVxbJgwWrui9ZihHRLnja-7rjLlY0aZO5R7nI36KouUbdHR8BCkfp80nKPJtizzdeKZyq6KCJ9mWeCA5SaPgeqfyeNtT54v4k_dxJa61oJi_bcYmOvqg/s1600-h/sangkuriang.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5162256133792980786" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEien4KegiXNZgAkdc4x1wkzFrL2DVxbJgwWrui9ZihHRLnja-7rjLlY0aZO5R7nI36KouUbdHR8BCkfp80nKPJtizzdeKZyq6KCJ9mWeCA5SaPgeqfyeNtT54v4k_dxJa61oJi_bcYmOvqg/s400/sangkuriang.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;">One day, when he was hunting, Sangkuriang accidentally killed his beautiful black dog (Si TUMANG). This dog is actually Sangkuriang's father who had been condemned to live the life of a dog by his GURU. However, Sangkuriang never knew it.<br />Sangkuriang had been separated by his mother since childhood. Yet, he was destined to meet his mother again. When on his way home, he stopped at a small village and met and fell in love with a beautiful girl. He didn't realised that the village was his homeland nor that the beautiful girl was his own sacred mother (remain young & pretty).<br />Their love grew naturally and one day, when they were discussing their wedding plans, Dayang Sumbi suddenly realised that the profile of Sangkuriang's head matched that of her only son's who had left twenty years earlier. How could shee marry her own son? But she did not wish to dissapoint him by cancelling the wedding. So, although she agreed to marry Sangkuriang, she would do so only on the condition that he provide her with a lake and a boat with which they could sail on the dawn of their wedding day.<br />Sangkuriang accepted this condition and built a lake by damming the Citarum river. Wiath a dawn just moment away and the boat almost complete, Dayang Sumbi realised that Sangkuriang would fulfill the condition she had set. With a wave of her supernatural shawl, she lit up the eastern horizon with flashes of light. Deceived by false dawn, the cock crowed and farmers rose for the new day.<br />With his work not yet complete, Sangkurinag realised that his endeavour were lost. With all his anger, he kicked the boat that he himself had built. The boat fell over and, in so doing become the mountain TANGKUBAN PARAHU (in Sundanese, TANGKUBAN means upturned or upside down, and PARAHU means boat). With the dam torn assunder, the water drained from the lake becoming a wide plain and nowaday became a city called BANDUNG (from the word BENDUNG, which means Dam). </span></div>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-8262531520074498102008-02-01T21:45:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:01.182-08:00My Lovely Home<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfbTs9rwHIwxThY8yfSKDWsO4pvepBV5fKjJbDRhwXRf9t4IqW4BqaZBrATEwW42DSQcLEbOZ-e14T16_J6FccDET-LsqyOEmDTw403TkbJKfbiw9g6XHBT4P25JAFqwHvfvwquJ2qAoOh/s1600-h/home.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5162255399353573154" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 161px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 128px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" height="128" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfbTs9rwHIwxThY8yfSKDWsO4pvepBV5fKjJbDRhwXRf9t4IqW4BqaZBrATEwW42DSQcLEbOZ-e14T16_J6FccDET-LsqyOEmDTw403TkbJKfbiw9g6XHBT4P25JAFqwHvfvwquJ2qAoOh/s400/home.jpg" width="143" border="0" /></a>My house is only a twenty minutes from my school.<br /><br />It is not very big, but very comfortable and quiet. This is the place where we can relax and find our own space. In our home, we really enjoy our relaxing time from the pressure of school and work.<br /><br />It has a nice and warm living room. There is a beautiful scenery hanging and calligraphy on the wall. My father likes gardening. He puts some plants in garden. On the wall you will see picture of my family.<br /><br />I am lucky to have a room for myself. I paint the wall light orange. It’s my favorite color. There is a wardrobe. There is the desk I do my homework there. I also put the radio tape there.<br /><br />The kitchen is my mother’s domain. My mother keeps it clean all day. They is a grey wall cabinet in it. It harmonizes with the white wall tiles.<br /><br />However, only few will give my home a second glance. We are very proud of it. It may not be a perfect one but, all the same, it is home sweet home.Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-32045175989677259622008-02-01T21:38:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:01.314-08:00Why was she angry?<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4hz0zXvDTo7pdO2cVF5fqIw7OOCs8FcZP1FFa66CtKUFeJ3d5M39z5NWOuYHFokCpw-44YmpSoX4SSBWrlKf-njz_I5O9WDJ8IlTHuP5bG8KoZv5inicHQCW7nAuoqGM8GZY3QvgJF8D5/s1600-h/angry.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5162254720748740370" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4hz0zXvDTo7pdO2cVF5fqIw7OOCs8FcZP1FFa66CtKUFeJ3d5M39z5NWOuYHFokCpw-44YmpSoX4SSBWrlKf-njz_I5O9WDJ8IlTHuP5bG8KoZv5inicHQCW7nAuoqGM8GZY3QvgJF8D5/s400/angry.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;">A woman in blue jeans stood at the window of fashion shop. She hesitated for a moment. Finally, she went in.<br /><br />That woman asked to see a nice dress that was in the window. The shop-assistant did not like the way she dressed. Then, he told her that the dress was sold. The woman walked out of the shop angrily. She decided to punish the shop-assistant next day.<br /><br />She returned to the following morning. She dresses in a beautiful dress. She had an expensive handbag in her hand. She sought out the rude shop-assistant. Then, she asked for the same dress. The shop-assistant did not know who was. He was eager to serve her this time. With great difficulty, he climbed into the shop window to get the dress. As soon as he saw it, the woman said she did not like it.<br /><br />That woman enjoyed herself making the shop-assistant bring almost everything in the window. Finally, she bought the dress she had first asked for.<br /></span></div>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-71434051740636809012008-02-01T21:32:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:01.467-08:00A Foolish Donkey<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6B2dRS7pAJcbc00VZLV2gjrZ187hrVgUlEh3_e85CejwaPaMojs3sbPAZM7ZdPZc0gpcDhF0Aj5UhwewzlOqKBM2C00V1jQNJRi0hKMOs7vxFVYoOF9Q9UjvaDH6RShWf_bTAgcgTchbc/s1600-h/donkey.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5162252629099667186" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 126px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 141px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" height="126" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6B2dRS7pAJcbc00VZLV2gjrZ187hrVgUlEh3_e85CejwaPaMojs3sbPAZM7ZdPZc0gpcDhF0Aj5UhwewzlOqKBM2C00V1jQNJRi0hKMOs7vxFVYoOF9Q9UjvaDH6RShWf_bTAgcgTchbc/s320/donkey.jpg" width="111" border="0" /></a><br /><div><span style="font-family:courier new;">A donkey hears some thrushes singing. He admires and also wants to posses their lovely voices.<br />He asks, “Why do you have beautiful voices? What food do you eat?” They reply, “Because of the dew.”<br />Then, the donkey decided that he will eat dew. In a short time, he dies because of hunger.</span></div>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-22996463856807701302008-02-01T21:27:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:01.728-08:00My Dog does not bite<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU721i4SjtJhlyX1qa2k0qwy0IAlzPfW3DXSmih9FxBHW23NOYoxu8m7uMyBxrR84LyVz7uoxZroGPV8xW8fySzx5LX5dhvY68riiHIHGk-Err-fUFUzK70rQeQCQG98nvDXfySgpLfypc/s1600-h/dog.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5162250893932879586" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 128px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 142px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" height="142" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU721i4SjtJhlyX1qa2k0qwy0IAlzPfW3DXSmih9FxBHW23NOYoxu8m7uMyBxrR84LyVz7uoxZroGPV8xW8fySzx5LX5dhvY68riiHIHGk-Err-fUFUzK70rQeQCQG98nvDXfySgpLfypc/s320/dog.jpg" width="93" border="0" /></a>Jimmy is afraid of dogs. One day, he walked to gate. A big dog was sleeping. He asked the gatekeeper, “Does your dog bite?”<br /><br />The gatekeeper said, “No, my dog does not bite.” Then Jimmy went while walking. The big dog saw him and ran up to him. The big dog bit him.<br /><br />“Ouch!” He said, “You said your dog didn’t bite, but he bit me!”<br /><br />The gatekeeper said, “That is not my dog.”Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-8369015021068746192008-02-01T21:21:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:01.905-08:00Pull The Moon<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicH9rnC61fo0GhsgdBsI8nv5gQWdrH9ER5fXrELi7KRv5pfXPiWBuAno_ifUW2U-_dO5DNEgO69jdPuFwZOY2Er0ryShUSLG5pd_X5v-uZchpQjF-RESxdIBNUw3iJ6HtZ7MBWHtRuWs_J/s1600-h/moon.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5162249734291709634" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicH9rnC61fo0GhsgdBsI8nv5gQWdrH9ER5fXrELi7KRv5pfXPiWBuAno_ifUW2U-_dO5DNEgO69jdPuFwZOY2Er0ryShUSLG5pd_X5v-uZchpQjF-RESxdIBNUw3iJ6HtZ7MBWHtRuWs_J/s200/moon.jpg" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:85%;">One night a little boy looks down a well. The water at the bottom of the well is like a mirror. The boy sees the moon in the water. “The moon has fallen down into the well,: he says himself. “ I must get it out.”<br />In hurry he goes to get a hook and a rope. He ties the hook to the rope. Then, he holds the rope and lets the hook go down into the well. In this way he tries to pull up the moon. But, the hook catches a big stone under the water. The boy pulls and pulls. But, he can’t pull up the hook.<br />Suddenly, the stone turns. The boy loses his balance and fells on to his back.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lying on the ground, he sees the moon in the sky.<br />“Great!” he says to himself happily. “I have put the moon back in the sky!”</span>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-863461452591844092008-02-01T21:08:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:02.350-08:00A silly Girl<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwOG4p-lxoVClBJCSCdDoQ6wJFJ657bNo6OgKWO-dNRmO0YIrjmGhqtMBgEsYAJdQ5oaNf4LODf-yezYeT-vOwVep09gA8fl9PkQheL8aMTP4RYOAbgYaP4OxxZlnKW-OjeqmqITXtzAdn/s1600-h/images.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5162247715657080498" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwOG4p-lxoVClBJCSCdDoQ6wJFJ657bNo6OgKWO-dNRmO0YIrjmGhqtMBgEsYAJdQ5oaNf4LODf-yezYeT-vOwVep09gA8fl9PkQheL8aMTP4RYOAbgYaP4OxxZlnKW-OjeqmqITXtzAdn/s200/images.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family:lucida grande;font-size:85%;">Jane comes to see Mary after lunch. When they are talking, it begins to rain. Mary looks out of the window and says, “It’s raining hard”. Jane, “You must stay here for a long time.”<br /><br />“Ok,” says Jane. But a few minutes later, she goes out. When she returns, her body is wet.<br /><br />“Where have you been?” asks Mary. “I’ve been from my home.” says Jane. “I went to tell my mother that I must stay at your home because of the rain.”<br /></span>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-807093004588996312008-01-31T23:16:00.001-08:002008-12-11T02:00:02.885-08:00The Houses of the Toraja<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4bw3SQzbFdKqrBi4wqNi5h6-8WC7wRzOKH6I4K6WGO1guLL_6yJvKJ8XWGEqk6AcdoMmGOfoXMXKTHYE4DiqWBdBM8FGEoGTnxEVekeDrEypx4cNqI11QC4b7N9O_96kh5ptCTPcRyw_A/s1600-h/Torajahouse.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5161907485527760546" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4bw3SQzbFdKqrBi4wqNi5h6-8WC7wRzOKH6I4K6WGO1guLL_6yJvKJ8XWGEqk6AcdoMmGOfoXMXKTHYE4DiqWBdBM8FGEoGTnxEVekeDrEypx4cNqI11QC4b7N9O_96kh5ptCTPcRyw_A/s320/Torajahouse.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><br /><span style="font-family:courier new;">The ethnic groups in the mountain regions of southwest and central Sulawesi (Celebes) are known by the name of Toraja, which has come to mean "those who live upstream" or "those who live in the mountains". Their name is in fact derived from Raja, which in Sanskrit means "king". The society is hierarchically structured: the noblemen are called rengnge, the ordinary people to makaka, and the slaves to kaunan; birth determines which rank a person will occupy.<br />The distinctive features of the traditional houses (tongkonan) of the Toraja are the "buffalo horns", the roof design and the rich decoration on the walls. The buffalo is a symbol of status, courage, strength and fighting spirit.<br />Designed as a representation of the universe, the tongkonan is constructed in three parts: the upper world (the roof), the world of humans (the middle of the building), and the underworld (the space under the floor). The highly distinctive roofs constructed by the Toraja have given rise to various ingenious interpretations. Certainly the roof is something of deep significance for the Toraja, and even today they build "modern" (in other words houses built with cement) houses with such roofs.</span></div>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-64042359031695158312008-01-31T22:28:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:02.958-08:00The Houses of the Minangkabau (Rumah Gadang)<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW3MvHoNLDWBycXGVfbdTw1SyRYJkB0isqrL5Q3c6bHTajYJp9zJOuCjn8ilBfFyp06ESd0mZbGpmzn2ynlvRcMMcG7tudGIG2lqjQYsXRcieFY4XZZMsknBhJ0soiWBOpHiPsGSJ2QDJd/s1600-h/Minangkabauhouse.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5161895717317369490" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW3MvHoNLDWBycXGVfbdTw1SyRYJkB0isqrL5Q3c6bHTajYJp9zJOuCjn8ilBfFyp06ESd0mZbGpmzn2ynlvRcMMcG7tudGIG2lqjQYsXRcieFY4XZZMsknBhJ0soiWBOpHiPsGSJ2QDJd/s320/Minangkabauhouse.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><br />The Minangkabau are the Malaysian people who lives in the Padang highlands of Sumatra (west of Sumatra). Typical of the houses of the Minangkabau are the distinctive roofs, which look like buffalo horns. The word "Minangkabau" can actually be interpreted as a compound of the words menang (win) and kerbau (buffalo). This derives from a local legends that people relates that a buffalo fight was arranged by the locals and the people of the influential kingdom of <a href="http://artasia.www2.50megs.com/Indonesia/history.htm">Majapahit</a> (eastern Java). The loacls'buffalo was the winner and since that time they have called themselves the "buffalo winners", Minangkabau, as a proud testament to their strength and courage. The houses are called rumah gadang (large house) and are not inhabited by differents families, but by three or four generations who come from one ancestor and thus a rumah gadang is also a family unit, and each of the Minangkabau identifies completely with his or her own rumah gadang.<br />The rumah gadang has three main areas: immediately after the entrance comes a middle ares (rumah tongah), where there is normally a central post; adjoining this the anjuang, and the bedrooms (biliak). Opposite the anjuang is the kitchen and in front of that a large space (pangkalan), where visitors are received. While the long house is a meeting place for all, the rumah gadang is essentially a women's area; none of the men spends much time in the house with his mother or his wife, and the biliak (bedrooms) are seen as room of the house reflects a woman's life cycle, and forms a journey from the central post to the anjuang, then the biliak, and lastly to the kitchen.<br /><br />Rice store - Minangkabau architecture, Pagaruyung near Bukit Tinggi, Sumatra.</div>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-5637803359899872522008-01-31T22:05:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:03.329-08:00Soeharto dead<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDu84pdeHUvNImXvbL_gib_b62aec5ITBzA1yYdpzDO7oIvn-IHwad9Fg4NrEFfpXdrf0bPNghriSvtRJx7Fd5-zKov0kwJdFZpONlyzgR_Ipq5etugZ36Vzvy7i7V0lVbIhgrRDyO_5lX/s1600-h/CAF5G13VCAL19A41CAP6LXBOCAR3DU2KCA6SU4X9CAG0PDPECAS4O64RCADPLPIZCA7DO262CACW3D2FCAWP70GQCAUKTFTJCAAGW28ECA56WEOBCAEM9E99CALNPGAMCAHC9ZS2CAVFBISMCA57HB8S.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5161891735882686082" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 117px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 129px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" height="129" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDu84pdeHUvNImXvbL_gib_b62aec5ITBzA1yYdpzDO7oIvn-IHwad9Fg4NrEFfpXdrf0bPNghriSvtRJx7Fd5-zKov0kwJdFZpONlyzgR_Ipq5etugZ36Vzvy7i7V0lVbIhgrRDyO_5lX/s320/CAF5G13VCAL19A41CAP6LXBOCAR3DU2KCA6SU4X9CAG0PDPECAS4O64RCADPLPIZCA7DO262CACW3D2FCAWP70GQCAUKTFTJCAAGW28ECA56WEOBCAEM9E99CALNPGAMCAHC9ZS2CAVFBISMCA57HB8S.jpg" width="104" border="0" /></a><br /><div><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">by. Adianto P. Simamora The Jakarta Post Jakarta</span></div><br /><div><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">The father of development is dead. Venerated for much of his 32-year tenure as the liberator he appeared to be after more than two decades of authoritarian rule under his predecessor, Sukarno, and vilified near its end for his authoritarian rule and for the corruption he appeared to condone in his later years in office, Indonesia's second president, Soeharto, died quietly on Sunday aged 86 at Pertamina Hospital in Jakarta.<br />A variety of illnesses had sapped the former military strongman of his vitality during the last years of his life. He leaves behind the partially grown seeds of an ambitious industrial modernization plan and a legacy of sectarian strife and unbridled corruption.<br />Doctors said Soeharto died at about 1:10 p.m. after suffering multiple organ failure, following 23 days in the hospital's intensive care unit.<br />The medical team treating Soeharto said his health dramatically deteriorated early Sunday.<br />They said Soeharto fell unconscious for the first time since his arrival at the hospital on Jan. 4, after his blood pressure fell sharply. The doctors then placed him on a ventilator to allow him to breathe.<br />"From 3 a.m. on Sunday, his blood pressure declined sharply," said Joko Raharjo, a member of the medical team.<br />"We tried to increase his blood pressure but it did not work. He was not in a coma, but was unconscious."<br />Accompanied by Soeharto's daughter, Siti Hardiyanti "Tutut" Rukmana, the team of doctors addressed a press conference, declaring that Soeharto had "peacefully" passed away at 1:10 p.m.<br />Tutut, Soeharto's eldest daughter, asked the public to forgive her father.<br />"We, on behalf of the whole family, thank everyone who has prayed for our father," a tearful Tutut said at the media conference. "Please, forgive my farther for all his mistakes."<br />The former general was admitted to the hospital on Jan. 4. due to anemia and severe edema.<br />President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono expressed deep sympathy to Soeharto's family and announced seven days of national mourning, which began Sunday.<br />Yudhoyono, Vice President Jusuf Kalla, Cabinet ministers and other high-ranking officials paid their last respects to Soeharto at his private residence on Jl. Cendana, Central Jakarta, where he was laid in state.<br />The news of Soeharto's death drew people from across the city to Cendana, forcing the police to close the street.<br />Outside Soeharto's residence, around 100 troops from the Army's Special Forces and Strategic Reserve Command guarded the area as thousands of people came to express their condolences.<br />Mourners wept while others chanted laa ilaha illallah (there is no God but Allah) as the ambulance carrying Soeharto's body arrived at the home.<br />Heavy rain fell around Jl. Cendana at about 8 p.m., while the rest of Jakarta was dry.<br />President Yudhoyono is slated to lead the state funeral for Soeharto at the Astana Giribangun family cemetery in Karanganyar, Central Java, on Monday, at about 11 a.m.<br />Yudhoyono canceled a trip to Bali to attend a UN conference against corruption which opens Monday, sparking criticism from graft watchdogs who said the cancellation was a sign of the President's ambivalent commitment to the anti-corruption drive.<br />Soeharto's remains will be laid in state at the At-Tien Mosque at Taman Mini Indonesia in East Jakarta before being flown to Surakarta, Central Java.<br />A number of foreign dignitaries are expected to attend the funeral. Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong joined mourners who paid homage to Soeharto on Sunday evening. Timor Leste Prime Minister Xanana Gusmao, who was jailed during Soeharto's rule, and former Malaysian premier Mahathir Mohammad will pay their last respects to Soeharto on Monday morning.<br />Soeharto assumed power in 1966 after a counter movement against a coup attempt blamed on the communists in 1965. After 32 years of rule, which saw political and economical stability at the expense of freedom and human rights, he stepped down in 1998, following mass protests and rioting.<br />As he left office, calls rose for his successors to bring him to justice for corruption and human rights abuses, but to no avail.<br />State prosecutors are filing a civil lawsuit against Soeharto, demanding the return of about US$600 million in state money allegedly stolen by his foundations. During Soeharto's hospitalization, his children had asked for an out-of-court settlement.<br />The Attorney General's Office dropped corruption charges against Soeharto in May 2006 after his doctors said he was not healthy enough to stand trial.<br />Director of the Setara Institute rights group, Hendardi, said the final uncertain status of Soeharto served as a bad precedent for the country's law enforcement.<br />"We have witnessed bankruptcy and discriminatory law enforcement during Yudhoyono's presidency. It is due to the failure of the government to create a breakthrough when Soeharto was still alive," he said. </span></div>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-26414271957225879392008-01-29T01:50:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:03.435-08:00Rose<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6UQvvA__icN4BdKPqGp99e3WN4qPiDYqElJ4lJ6vaUKQrNrYDCgChQ-szmGRnhJDfSlxYSI2VHupXpqmJQg9x2TjsA53gReXZP7oj4716Z9J7JwT0IBjzvJuTVZ3cPvZpe_JElyEz_8b7/s1600-h/Rose.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5160834362179051106" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 160px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 140px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6UQvvA__icN4BdKPqGp99e3WN4qPiDYqElJ4lJ6vaUKQrNrYDCgChQ-szmGRnhJDfSlxYSI2VHupXpqmJQg9x2TjsA53gReXZP7oj4716Z9J7JwT0IBjzvJuTVZ3cPvZpe_JElyEz_8b7/s320/Rose.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">A <b>rose</b> is a flowering <a title="Shrub" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >shrub</span></a> of the <a title="Genus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >genus</span></a> <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:place st="on"><b><i>Rosa</i></b></st1:place>, and the <a title="Flower" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >flower</span></a> of this shrub. There are more than a hundred <a title="Species" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >species</span></a> of wild roses, all from the <a title="Northern hemisphere" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemisphere"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >northern hemisphere</span></a> and mostly from <a title="Temperate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >temperate</span></a> regions. The species form a group of generally prickly <a title="Shrub" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >shrubs</span></a> or <a title="Liana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >climbers</span></a>, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2–5 <a title="Metre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >metres</span></a> tall, occasionally reaching as high as 20 metres by climbing over other plants.<?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">The name originates from <a title="Latin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Latin</span></a> <i>rosa</i>, borrowed through <a title="Oscan language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscan_language"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Oscan</span></a> from <a title="Magna Graecia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >colonial Greek</span></a> in southern <a title="Italy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Italy</span></a>: <i>rhodon</i> (<a title="Aeolic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolic"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Aeolic</span></a> form: <i>wrodon</i>), from <a title="Aramaic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Aramaic</span></a> <i>wurrdā</i>, from <a title="Assyrian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_language"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Assyrian</span></a> <i>wurtinnu</i>, from Old Iranian *<i>warda</i> (cf. <a title="Armenian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Armenian</span></a> <i>vard</i>, <a title="Avestan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avestan"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Avestan</span></a> <i>warda</i>, <a title="Sogdian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdian_language"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Sogdian</span></a> <i>ward</i>, <a title="Parthian language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_language"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Parthian</span></a> <i>wâr</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;"><a title="Rose hip" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_hip"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rose hips</span></a> are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling <a title="Itching powder" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itching_powder"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >itching powder</span></a>). They can also be used to make herbal <a title="Tea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >tea</span></a>, <a title="Jam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >jam</span></a>, <a title="Jelly (fruit preserves)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_%28fruit_preserves%29"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >jelly</span></a> and <a title="Marmalade" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmalade"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >marmalade</span></a>. A rose that has aged or gone rotten may not be particularly fragrant, but the rose's basic chemistry prevents it from producing a pungent odor of any kind. Notably, when balled and mashed together the fragrance of the rose is enhanced. The fragrance of particularly large balls of mashed roses is enhanced even further. Rose hips are also used to produce an <a title="Rose hip seed oil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_hip_seed_oil"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >oil</span></a> used in skin products. Rose shrubs are often used by homeowners and <a title="Landscape architect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architect"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >landscape architects</span></a> for <a title="Home security" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_security"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >home security</span></a> purposes. The sharp thorns of many rose species deter unauthorized persons from entering private properties, and may prevent break-ins if planted under windows and near drainpipes. The aesthetic characteristics of rose shrubs, in conjunction with their home security qualities, makes them a considerable alternative to artificial <a title="Fence" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fence"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >fences</span></a> and <a title="Wall" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >walls</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><h2><span style="font-size:100%;"><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Botany</span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"><v:path connecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" extrusionok="f"><o:lock aspectratio="t" ext="edit"><v:imagedata href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rosa_canina_hips.jpg/140px-Rosa_canina_hips.jpg" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\CO04FD~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\10\clip_image001.jpg"><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">The <a title="Leaf" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >leaves</span></a> of most species are 5–15 <a title="Centimetre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >centimetres</span></a> long, <a title="Pinnate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnate"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >pinnate</span></a>, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. The vast majority of roses are <a title="Deciduous" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >deciduous</span></a>, but a few (particularly in <st1:place st="on">Southeast <a title="Asia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Asia</span></a>) are <a title="Evergreen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >evergreen</span></a> or nearly so.<o:p></o:p></st1:place></span></p></v:imagedata></o:lock></v:path></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:stroke><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">The <a title="Flower" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >flowers</span></a> of most species roses have five petals, with the exception of <i><a title="Rosa sericea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_sericea"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa sericea</span></a></i>, which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some <a title="Rosa sericea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_sericea"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa sericea</span></a>, four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">The <a title="Fruit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit#Aggregate_fruit"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >aggregate fruit</span></a> of the rose is a berry-like structure called a <a title="Rose hip" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_hip"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >rose hip</span></a>. Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to <a title="Pollination" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >pollinating</span></a> <a title="Bee" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >bees</span></a> and other <a title="Insect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >insects</span></a>, thus more apt to produce hips. Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. <i><a title="Rosa pimpinellifolia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_pimpinellifolia"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa pimpinellifolia</span></a></i>) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the <a title="Hypanthium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypanthium"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >hypanthium</span></a>, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called <a title="Achene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achene"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >achenes</span></a>) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the <a title="Dog Rose" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Rose"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Dog Rose</span></a> (<i>Rosa canina</i>) and <a title="Rugosa Rose" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugosa_Rose"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rugosa Rose</span></a> (<st1:place st="on"><i>Rosa</i></st1:place><i> rugosa</i>), are very rich in <a title="Vitamin C" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >vitamin C</span></a>, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating <a title="Bird" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >birds</span></a> such as <a title="Thrush (bird)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrush_%28bird%29"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >thrushes</span></a> and <a title="Waxwing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxwing"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >waxwings</span></a>, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly <a title="Finch" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >finches</span></a>, also eat the seeds.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">While the sharp objects along a rose stem are commonly called "thorns", they are actually prickles — outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem). True thorns, as produced by e.g. <i><a title="Citrus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Citrus</span></a></i> or <i><a title="Pyracantha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyracantha"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Pyracantha</span></a></i>, are modified stems, which always originate at a node and which have nodes and internodes along the length of the thorn itself. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as <i>Rosa rugosa</i> and <i>R. pimpinellifolia</i> have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown <a title="Sand" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >sand</span></a> and so reduce <a title="Erosion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >erosion</span></a> and protect their <a title="Root" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >roots</span></a> (both of these species grow naturally on <a title="Coast" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >coastal</span></a> <a title="Dune" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >sand dunes</span></a>). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by <a title="Deer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >deer</span></a>. A few species of roses only have vestigial prickles that have no points.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h3><span style="font-size:100%;"><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Species</span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN" style="color:black;"><a title="Rosa multiflora" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_multiflora"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" ></span></a></span></i><span lang="EN" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Some representative rose species<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa canina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_canina"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa canina</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN"> — Dog Rose, Briar Bush <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa chinensis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_chinensis"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa chinensis</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN"> — <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> Rose <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa dumalis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_dumalis"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa dumalis</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN"> — Glaucous Dog Rose <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa gallica" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_gallica"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa gallica</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN"> — Gallic Rose, French Rose <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa gigantea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_gigantea"><span lang="ES" style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa gigantea</span></a></span></i><span lang="ES"> (syn. <i>R. x odorata gigantea</i>) <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa glauca" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_glauca"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa glauca</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN"> (syn. <i>R. rubrifolia</i>) — Redleaf Rose <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa laevigata" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_laevigata"><span lang="ES" style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa laevigata</span></a></span></i><span lang="ES"> (syn. <i>R. sinica</i>) — Cherokee Rose, Camellia Rose, Mardan Rose <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa multiflora" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_multiflora"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa multiflora</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN"> — Multiflora Rose <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa persica" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosa_persica&action=edit"><span lang="ES" style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa persica</span></a></span></i><span lang="ES"> (syn. <i>Hulthemia persica</i>, <i>R. simplicifolia</i>) <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa roxburghii" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosa_roxburghii&action=edit"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa roxburghii</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN"> — Chestnut Rose, Burr Rose <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa rubiginosa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_rubiginosa"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa rubiginosa</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN"> (syn. <i>R. eglanteria</i>) — Eglantine, Sweet Brier <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa rugosa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_rugosa"><span lang="ES" style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa rugosa</span></a></span></i><span lang="ES"> — Rugosa Rose, Japanese Rose <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa spinosissima" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosa_spinosissima&action=edit"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa spinosissima</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN"> — Scotch Rose <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa stellata" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosa_stellata&action=edit"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa stellata</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN"> — Gooseberry Rose, Sacramento Rose <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><i><span lang="EN"><a title="Rosa virginiana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_virginiana"><span lang="ES" style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Rosa virginiana</span></a></span></i><span lang="ES"> (syn. <i>R. lucida</i>) — Virginia Rose <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><?xml:namespace prefix = v /><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"><v:path connecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" extrusionok="f"><o:lock aspectratio="t" ext="edit"><v:imagedata href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rosa_canina_hips.jpg/140px-Rosa_canina_hips.jpg" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\CO04FD~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\10\clip_image001.jpg"></v:imagedata></o:lock></v:path></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:stroke>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-86044550325073102832008-01-29T00:07:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:03.571-08:00Fried Chicken<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixyy4HhJr1Tttu7SeaMed4GLaQ23ysXrG90Ec-6DA8orbt4pFd2VKPyM389C1u9CRcY88jXaWr2br98rt7ZJiNbUoUEPBcr0jllkw8M9SC69kxkSyWmNop_5WIqEePyw2ZNqMOebEO2K3l/s1600-h/fried+chicken.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 159px; height: 139px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixyy4HhJr1Tttu7SeaMed4GLaQ23ysXrG90Ec-6DA8orbt4pFd2VKPyM389C1u9CRcY88jXaWr2br98rt7ZJiNbUoUEPBcr0jllkw8M9SC69kxkSyWmNop_5WIqEePyw2ZNqMOebEO2K3l/s320/fried+chicken.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5160809618872458802" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Recipe courtesy Alton Brown</span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Things You'll Need</span><br /><blockquote></blockquote><span class="bodytext">1 broiler/fryer chicken, cut into 8 pieces<br />2 cups low fat buttermilk<br />2 tablespoons kosher salt<br />2 tablespoons Hungarian paprika<br />2 teaspoons garlic powder<br />1 teaspoon cayenne pepper<br />Flour, for dredging<br />Vegetable shortening, for frying</span><span class="bodytext">.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Steps<br /><br /></span>Place chicken pieces into a plastic container and cover with buttermilk. Cover and refrigerate for 12 to 24 hours. <p>Melt enough shortening (over low heat) to come just 1/8-inch up the side of a 12-inch cast iron skillet or heavy fry pan. Once shortening liquefies raise heat to 325 degrees F. Do not allow oil to go over 325 degrees F. </p><p>Drain chicken in a colander. Combine salt, paprika, garlic powder, and cayenne pepper. Liberally season chicken with this mixture. Dredge chicken in flour and shake off excess. </p><p>Place chicken skin side down into the pan. Put thighs in the center, and breast and legs around the edge of the pan. The oil should come half way up the pan. Cook chicken until golden brown on each side, approximately 10 to 12 minutes per side. More importantly, the internal temperature should be right around 180 degrees. (Be careful to monitor shortening temperature every few minutes.) </p><p>Drain chicken on a rack over a sheet pan. Don't drain by setting chicken directly on paper towels or brown paper bags. If you need to hold the chicken before serving, cover loosely with foil but avoid holding in a warm oven, especially if it?s a gas oven.</p></span>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-73415195468751247242008-01-28T23:33:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:03.710-08:00Fried Rice<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihyphenhyphenK0jXKyGBhMpqug21gw51TGFfHETh39c9EhjeJ_FgX4szA1JAPFEqgyvr3lqEQtFxs5567CToXHZ-XUKYeQH65VUR_QaFUzl0k9WMsUYs7p1yifxXWa7AqGLNoI-GCR9BwutzAgXNrN9/s1600-h/images.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihyphenhyphenK0jXKyGBhMpqug21gw51TGFfHETh39c9EhjeJ_FgX4szA1JAPFEqgyvr3lqEQtFxs5567CToXHZ-XUKYeQH65VUR_QaFUzl0k9WMsUYs7p1yifxXWa7AqGLNoI-GCR9BwutzAgXNrN9/s320/images.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5160804572285885986" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Things You'll need</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjous7t5EtBtlLkcNnbcFDoUNVHAd8OhmOky2hMmI374qFFZ5ici31sA816yE3esDpwSS3X0l_lSF6x-fw6wipTd0SAFEwcK4vq05HQ7HzXrhss3c1cJuTG0i5hyp2IwA_17N9L0GsoRZ5n/s1600-h/images.jpg"></a><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Measuring spoons</li><li>Rice cooker</li><li>Groceries</li><li>Measuring cups</li><li>Large skillet</li><li>Chef's knives</li><li>Stirring spoon</li><li>Cutting board</li><li>2 tablespoons peanut, sesame or other oil</li><li>2 cloves garlic, minced</li><li>1 teaspoon fresh ginger, minced</li><li>1/2 cup diced onion or 4 green onions, thinly sliced</li><li>1/3 cup diced carrot, cooked</li><li>1/4 cup frozen peas, thawed</li><li>4 cups cooked white rice, cooled completely</li><li>1 cup chopped, cooked shrimp, beef</li><li>2 eggs, lightly beaten</li><li>3 tablespoons soy sauce</li><li>Salt and freshly ground black pepper, to taste</li></ul><span style="font-weight: bold;">Steps</span><br /><ol><li>Heat the oil in a large skillet over high heat</li><li>Add the garlic, ginger and onion and cook, stirring constantly, for 1 minute.</li><li>Reduce the heat to medium, and add the carrot, peas, rice and meat and cook, stirring, for about 5 minutes.</li><li>Use your stirring spoon to make a well in the center of the rice and pour the eggs into it. Let the eggs cook for 1 minute, then slowly start to stir and incorporate the egg into the rice.</li><li>Add the soy sauce and cook for 2 minutes longer, stirring and tossing with the spoon.</li><li>Season to taste with salt and pepper.</li><li>Serve immediately.<br /></li></ol><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-15131652670478706512008-01-25T02:08:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:03.876-08:00Butterfly<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSbhywaLEjuJXuy7zL75s_gb63IMGm-BDky-hUgAdf7GwM4hUgVUfW7xOH5CD8D7i8fAjMJh6gB0tz-nNbfitwqH2wv0JcfR6SlBBvtT-blEnf6MOprXCVQpj5yb9OnRBT-qb0vWG85V6j/s1600-h/images.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5160835977086754418" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 142px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 139px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSbhywaLEjuJXuy7zL75s_gb63IMGm-BDky-hUgAdf7GwM4hUgVUfW7xOH5CD8D7i8fAjMJh6gB0tz-nNbfitwqH2wv0JcfR6SlBBvtT-blEnf6MOprXCVQpj5yb9OnRBT-qb0vWG85V6j/s320/images.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">A <b>butterfly</b> is an <a title="Insect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >insect</span></a> of the <a title="Order (biology)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_%28biology%29"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >order</span></a> <a title="Lepidoptera" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Lepidoptera</span></a>. Like all Lepidoptera, butterflies are notable for their unusual <a title="Biological life cycle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_life_cycle"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >life cycle</span></a> with a <a title="Larva" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >larval</span></a> <a title="Caterpillar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >caterpillar</span></a> stage, an inactive <a title="Pupa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >pupal</span></a> stage, and a spectacular <a title="Metamorphosis (biology)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosis_%28biology%29"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >metamorphosis</span></a> into a familiar and colourful winged adult form. Most species are day-flying so they regularly attract attention. The diverse patterns formed by their brightly coloured wings and their erratic yet graceful flight have made <a title="Butterfly watching" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_watching"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >butterfly watching</span></a> a fairly popular hobby.<?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Butterflies comprise the <i>true butterflies</i> (superfamily <a title="Papilionoidea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilionoidea"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Papilionoidea</span></a>), the <i>skippers</i> (Superfamily <a title="Hesperioidea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperioidea"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Hesperioidea</span></a>) and the <i>moth-butterflies</i> (Superfamily <a title="Hedyloidea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedyloidea"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Hedyloidea</span></a>). Butterflies exhibit <a title="Polymorphism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >polymorphism</span></a>, <a title="Mimicry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >mimicry</span></a> and <a title="Aposematism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aposematism"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >aposematism</span></a>. Some are known to migrate over large distances. Some butterflies have evolved symbiotic and parasitic relationships with social insects such as ants. Butterflies are important economically as one of the major agents of <a title="Pollination" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >pollination</span></a>. In addition, a number of species are pests, because they can damage domestic crops and trees.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:100%;color:black;">Origin and distribution</span></span><span lang="EN" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Butterflies are nested within the <a title="Evolutionary" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >evolutionary</span></a> tree of moths. Their origins may date back to the <a title="Cretaceous Period" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous_Period"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Cretaceous Period</span></a>, ending 65 million years ago.<sup><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly#_note-0#_note-0"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >[1]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, the fossil record is very limited. The oldest known fossil is an unnamed possible <a title="Hesperioidea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperioidea"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >skipper butterfly</span></a> from the Upper <a title="Palaeocene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeocene"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Palaeocene</span></a> (around 57 million year old) of <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Fur</st1:city>, <st1:country-region st="on">Denmark</st1:country-region></st1:place>. One of the most beautifully preserved is a <a title="Riodininae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riodininae"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Metalmark butterfly</span></a> (<i>Voltinia dramba</i>) from 25 million year old <a title="Dominican amber" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_amber"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Dominican amber</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Butterflies are today distributed throughout the world except in the very cold and arid regions. There are an estimated 17,500 species of butterflies (Papilionoidea) out of about 180,000 species of Lepidoptera.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h3><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:100%;color:black;">Butterfly families</span></span><span lang="EN" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">The five families of true butterflies usually recognized in the <a title="Papilionoidea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilionoidea"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Papilionoidea</span></a> are:-<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><span lang="EN">Family <i><a title="Papilionidae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilionidae"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Papilionidae</span></a></i>, the <a title="Swallowtail" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallowtail"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Swallowtails</span></a>, <a title="Parnassiinae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnassiinae"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Apollos</span></a> and <a title="Birdwing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwing"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Birdwings</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><span lang="EN">Family <i><a title="Pieridae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieridae"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Pieridae</span></a></i>, the Whites and Yellows <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><span lang="EN">Family <i><a title="Lycaenidae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycaenidae"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Lycaenidae</span></a></i>, the Blues and Coppers, also called the Gossamer-Winged Butterflies <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><span lang="EN">Family <i><a title="Riodinidae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riodinidae"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Riodinidae</span></a></i>, the <a title="Metalmark butterfly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalmark_butterfly"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Metalmark butterflies</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><span lang="EN">Family <i><a title="Nymphalidae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphalidae"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Nymphalidae</span></a></i>, the <a title="Brush-footed butterfly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush-footed_butterfly"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Brush-footed butterflies</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">The superfamily <a title="Hesperioidea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperioidea"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Hesperioidea</span></a> comprises one family only, albeit a large one, the <i>skippers</i> of family <a title="Hesperiidae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperiidae"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Hesperiidae</span></a>, whereas the superfamily <a title="Hedyloidea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedyloidea"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Hedyloidea</span></a> also consists of a single family <a title="Hedylidae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedylidae"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Hedylidae</span></a> with about 40 species.</span></p><p></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:100%;color:black;">The four stages in the lifecycle of a butterfly</span></span><span lang="EN" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Unlike many insects, butterflies do not experience a <a title="Nymph (biology)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph_%28biology%29"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >nymph</span></a> period, but instead go through a pupal stage which lies between the larva and the adult stage (the <i><a title="Imago" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imago"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >imago</span></a></i>). Butterflies are termed as <a title="Holometabolism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holometabolism"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >holometabolous</span></a> insects, and go through <b>complete metamorphosis</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><span lang="EN"><a title="Egg (biology)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_%28biology%29"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Egg</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><span lang="EN"><a title="Larva" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Larva</span></a>, known as a <a title="Caterpillar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >caterpillar</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><span lang="EN"><a title="Pupa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Pupa</span></a> (<i><a title="Pupa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa#Chrysalis"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >chrysalis</span></a></i>) <o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><span lang="EN">Adult butterfly (<i><a title="Imago" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imago"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >imago</span></a></i>) <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">It is a popular belief that butterflies have very short life spans. However, butterflies in their adult stage can live from a week to nearly a year depending on the species. Many species have long larval life stages while others can remain <a title="Diapause" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapause"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >dormant</span></a> in their pupal or egg stages and thereby survive winters. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Butterflies may have one or more broods per year. The number of generations per year varies from temperate to tropical regions with tropical regions showing a trend towards <a title="Voltinism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltinism"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >multivoltinism</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h2><a name="Egg"></a><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:100%;color:black;">Habits</span></span><span lang="EN" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Butterflies feed primarily on <a title="Nectar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >nectar</span></a> from flowers. Some also derive nourishment from <a title="Pollen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >pollen</span></a>, tree sap, rotting fruit, dung, and dissolved minerals in wet sand or dirt. Butterflies play an important ecological role as <a title="Pollinator" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >pollinators</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">As adults, butterflies consume only liquids and these are sucked by means of their proboscis. They feed on <a title="Nectar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >nectar</span></a> from flowers and also sip water from damp patches. This they do for water, for energy from sugars in nectar and for sodium and other minerals which are vital for their reproduction. Several species of butterflies need more <a title="Sodium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >sodium</span></a> than provided by <a title="Nectar (plant)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar_%28plant%29"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >nectar</span></a>. They are attracted to sodium in <a title="Salt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >salt</span></a> and they sometimes land on people, attracted by human sweat. Besides damp patches, some butterflies also visit dung, rotting fruit or carcasses to obtain minerals and nutrients. In many species, this <a title="Mud-puddling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud-puddling"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Mud-puddling</span></a> behaviour is restricted to the males and studies have suggested that the nutrients collected are provided as a nuptial gift along with the spermatophore during mating. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Butterflies sense the air for scents, wind and nectar using their antennae. The antennae come in various shapes and colours. The hesperids have a pointed angle or hook to the antennae, while most other families show knobbed antennae. The antennae are richly covered with sensillae. A butterfly's sense of <a title="Taste" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >taste</span></a> is coordinated by chemoreceptors on the tarsi, which work only on contact, and are used to determine whether an egg-laying insect's offspring will be able to feed on a leaf before eggs are laid on it. Many butterflies use chemical signals, <a title="Pheromones" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromones"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >pheromones</span></a>, and specialized scent scales (androconia) and other structures (coremata or 'Hair pencils' in the Danaidae) are developed in some species.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Antennae shape in the lepidoptera from C. T. Bingham (1905)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Vision is well developed in butterflies and most species are sensitive to the ultraviolet spectrum. Many species show sexual dimorphism in the patterns of UV reflective patches. Color vision may be widespread but has been demonstrated in only a few species. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Some butterflies have organs of hearing and some species are also known to make stridulatory and clicking sounds. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Many butterflies, such as the <a title="Monarch butterfly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterfly"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >Monarch butterfly</span></a>, are <a title="Insect migration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_migration"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none;color:black;" >migratory</span></a> and capable of long distance flights. They migrate during the day and use the sun to orient themselves. They also perceive polarized light and use it for orientation when the sun is hidden. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN" style="color:black;">Many species of butterfly maintain territories and actively chase other species or individuals that may stray into them. Some species will bask or perch on chosen perches. The flight styles of butterflies are often characteristic and some species have courtship flight displays. Basking is an activity which is more common in the cooler hours of the morning. Many species will orient themselves to gather heat from the sun. Some species have evolved dark wingbases to help in gathering more heat and this is especially evident in alpine forms. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><br /><span lang="EN" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="BACKGROUND: white 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial"><br /><span lang="EN" style="color:black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div></div>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-24172057970888094652008-01-10T21:00:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:04.091-08:00A Little Match Girl<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS8J2X8-5Y2w5YiHe8TbClUJTJRGIovTW6NHe0xERlcW7zHRY6gsS0JSGGIsQtTPZPL5WR33Fkv_m92Wag9Orl7Vugd3RJEqbmNjoxxUFPVBuBc2Mx5utn1XuunvcyXFy35MN3tklc2uNh/s1600-h/images+1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5153843897268211314" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS8J2X8-5Y2w5YiHe8TbClUJTJRGIovTW6NHe0xERlcW7zHRY6gsS0JSGGIsQtTPZPL5WR33Fkv_m92Wag9Orl7Vugd3RJEqbmNjoxxUFPVBuBc2Mx5utn1XuunvcyXFy35MN3tklc2uNh/s320/images+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">It was snowing on the last evening of the old year. A poor girl on bare feet was selling the matches in the street. In the whole day, no one bought her a match. She was cold and hungry.<br /><br />The little girl sat at the corner of a wall. To make herself warm, she struck a match. In the fire, the girl saw a nice home. There were very delicious foods on the table. They were fruits, eggs, meat and toast goose. The toast goose was approaching the girl. Suddenly, the fire was out. In front of her, there was only a thick and cold wall.<br /><br />Then, the little girl struck another match. She saw a beautiful <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0">christmas</span> tree. There many presents and candles on it. she wanted to pick them up. But the fire was out again.<br /><br />The little girl struck another match again. She saw her grandmother. She cried happily, "<span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_1">Grand mom</span>, please take me away!" Take me away!" She closed her eyes and forgot the cold, the hungry, the sadness. She walked to her grandmother happily.<br /><br />The next morning, people found the little girl had been dead. She was holding the fired matches in the hand at that time</span><br /><br /><br />by. Fika Andina </div>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-972034283421486214.post-42377230004716526702008-01-10T02:56:00.000-08:002008-12-11T02:00:04.328-08:00Goldilocks and Three Bears<div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>by Fika Andina</strong></span><br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDSlwcoXDfMLRSr3y0FjDYbUPsPAOFkGzO41KHk0P7ApOxL0PtFyTNXWjq9dw1q-KLnJ8DZgU7pFm8NK1ctBem7nUBrfxS6qOGVtx-AC7ZIHDLn_I2UZkk9fcj7u6FVvKt3qMzOxunGGa/s1600-h/images.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5153802566797921826" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 135px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 133px" height="125" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDSlwcoXDfMLRSr3y0FjDYbUPsPAOFkGzO41KHk0P7ApOxL0PtFyTNXWjq9dw1q-KLnJ8DZgU7pFm8NK1ctBem7nUBrfxS6qOGVtx-AC7ZIHDLn_I2UZkk9fcj7u6FVvKt3qMzOxunGGa/s320/images.jpg" width="135" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family:courier new;">Once, there was a little girl named Goldilocks. She lived with her parents near a big forest.<br /><br />One day she played in the big forest. While walking, she felt tired and hungry. Suddenly, she saw a beautiful house.<br /><br />She came to the house and looked inside but there was nobody in it. But there were three steaming bowls of porridge on the table. And three beds, big one, middle one, and small one.<br /><br />Because she was so hungry, she entered the house so she forgot the manners. She ate the smallest bowl of porridge. After that, she wanted to sleep but the big bed and middle bed were so high for her. The smallest bed was suitable, Goldilocks covered herself up and fell a sleep quickly.<br /><br />After that, the owners of the house came back. They were Dad Bear, Mom Bear, and Baby Bear. When they saw the baby bears porridge had been eaten up, they were very suprised. Baby Bear said "Who did eat my porridge up? I must find him out." Then he looked around.<br />Suddenly Baby Bear cried, "Mum, someone is lying on my bed." They approached the bed carefully. They saw a beauty girl sleeping. "What a beautiful girl!" said Baby Bear.<br />At that moment, Goldilocks woke up, when she saw the tree bears, she was scared. She begged, "Please don't hurt me. I don't know it's your home. Just now I was very hungry and tird. Please forgive me, mum!"<br />"Never mind little girl, are you ok?" asked Mum Bear. Goldilocks nodded,"Yes, thank you!" Baby bear asked,"What's your name? I want to be your friend." "I'm Goldilocks. My home is near from here. Would you like to play with me?" said Goldilocks. "Great!" said baby bear happily.<br />From the one, Goldilocks and The Bear's Family became good friends.<br /></span></div>Fika Andinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04023249079666548437noreply@blogger.com1